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Rounders of 
JN e w Y o p v K 






ADDRESS 



DELIVERED BEFORE THE 



SAINT NICHOLAS SOCIETY 



OF TOE CITY OF NT-W YORK 

BY 

JAMES W. BEEKMAN 

SATURDAY DECEMBER 4 

1 809 



PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY 
M DCCCLXX 



4*\ 



ALBANY 

JOEL MUNSELL 

PRINTER 



Extract from the Minutes of the St. Nicholas Society. 

"At a special meeting held at the rooms of the Historical 
Society, on the 4th day of December, 1869, after the delivery 
of an Address by the Hon. Jas. W. Beekman, 

It was resolved, 

" That the thanks of the Saint Nicholas Society be presented 
to the Hon. James W. Beekman, for the interesting and instruct- 
ive Address delivered by him, at the request of the Society, and 
that a copy of the Address be requested for publication. 

" Attest. A. R. Macdonough, 

Secretary." 






FOUNDERS OF NEW YORK. 



Brothers of St. Nicholas: 

"When the Turkish sultan, Amurath m, heard some 
foreigners describe the protracted and obstinate con- 
flicts between the Spaniards and the Hollanders in the 
sixteenth century, he called for a map, and seeing how 
small a space was covered by the United Provinces, be 
quietly remarked : " If the business were mine, I would 
send my pioneers, and make them shovel such an insig- 
nificant corner of the earth into the sea." This corner 
of the earth, bowever, has given to the world the print- 
ing press, the telescope, and free schools ; and by these 
three mighty agencies, has developed modern civiliza- 
tion. Preserving her identity by her language, Holland 
has imparted her spirit to those English-speaking nations 
which have become great by Dutch example. 

As children who have thriven in the world by the 
help of tbe wise teachings of good parents, love to visit 
the old homestead, even if it be no larger or more stately 
than when it was built, so let us go for a while, to the 
fatherland. Let us see what is going on there now, and 
compare the fortunes of those of the family who have 
staid at home, with the condition of the wanderers who 
went west. 



b TIIE FOUNDERS OF NEW YORK. 

The founders of New York were Netherlander. The 
seven united provinces in 1609, covered nearly the same 
territory which now is known as the Kingdom of the 
Netherlands ; a little kingdom about two hundred Eng- 
lish miles long, and one hundred and ten miles wide. 
Its surface is less than one-fourth of the extent of the 
state of New York, and its population in 1863 was three 
and a half millions. Numerous colonies containing 
many millions of men, are subject to the Dutch flag. 
In the east, are Java, Madura, Banca, Ternate, Am- 
boyna, Banda, Timor, extensive possessions in Sumatra, 
Borneo, Celebes and New Guinea, with a population, 
ten years ago, of sixteen millions and a half. In 
America, Dutch governors control the colonies of Sur- 
inam, Curacao, St. Eustatia, St. Martin's, Saba, and 
Aruba, aud in Africa there is Guinea, containing over 
one hundred thousand souls. 

Listen to an account of our fatherland as it now is: 
The sea is kept out by dykes that have cost fifteen hun- 
dred millions, reckoned in our American dollars, and 
these dykes require to keep them in repair, the yearly 
expenditure of two millions. 

Ninety lakes have been drained, and within thirty 
years the Harlem sea has been pumped dry. By this 
triumph of Dutch engineering more than seventy square 
miles of good land have been reclaimed, and where 
large vessels were sailing, now stands a thriving town 
of over five thousand inhabitants. 

A vast ship canal, seventeen miles long, from Am- 
sterdam to the North sea, is on the point of being opened 



THE FOUNDERS OF NEW YORK. / 

to commerce. The port by which this canal enters the 
ocean, is deep enough for the Great Eastern steamship, 
and is built of blocks of artificial stone formed out of 
the sand of the beach. The walls jut out a mile into 
the sea, and enclose a harbor two hundred acres in ex- 
tent. The Zuider Zee, is also soon to be partly dried, 
for the surveys are complete, and the money is ready 
for the execution of a vast engineering work by which 
more than seven hundred scmare miles of dry land will 
be added to the main shore. The ship canal of the 
Holder, for many years in use by the East India mer- 
chantmen, is fifty-one miles long. 

The eloquent Saurin said that Holland, created in the 
midst of marshes, has no solid foundation except in 
the wisdom of her rulers and the untiring industry of 
her people. 

We have been hearing of their industry; let us turn 
now, for a moment, to their wisdom. The Dutch make 
a duty of systematic benevolence. They have a Society 
for the Public Good, as it is well named, having two 
hundred and twenty branches, and fourteen thousand 
members, who meet once a fortnight and consider the 
best means of promoting schools, asylums and hospitals. 
The discussion of politics and religious doctrines is pro- 
hibited. The measures agreed on, are carried out in 
concert by the members. More than seven thousand 
four hundred charitable societies, four hundred and 
ninety-four hospitals, one hundred and thirty-eight asy- 
lums, forty establishments to procure work for poor 
workmen out of employ, make up part of the inventory 



8 THE FOUNDERS OF NEW YORK. 

of Dutch good works. There are pauper colonies on 
waste sandy plains, which were drifting barrens. A 
million of guilders are annually spent upon these re- 
formatories, where the labor of the poor whom the com- 
munity must care for, reclaims useless lands, and almost 
pays for the maintenance of the colonists. The yearly 
incomes of all the charities of Holland exceed four mil- 
lions of dollars. But what shall we say about the four 
thousand schools, with their four hundred and sixty-six 
thousand scholars, one-eighth of the entire population. 
Surely they constitute the crowning glory of our father- 
land, and the perfect religious freedom which every- 
where prevails, is their natural result. 

Of the commerce of the Netherlands it will be suffi- 
cient to remind you that in 1861, the imports were 
two hundred millions, the exports seventeen hundred 
millions, and the tonnage afloat was over seventeen 
hundred thousand tons. 

" The people," says a very recent American traveler, 
" are much the reverse of the types made familiar to us 
by Diederick Knickerbocker." " The men are shrewd 
and honest; — enterprise and activity are in operation 
all over the land." ' 

As to the government of the country, the limited 
monarchy which now rules the Low Countries, is but 
the executive of the people, whose states-general, in 
their wholesome and moderate method of voting and of 
representation might be imitated by other free nations 



'New York Tribune, Nov. 4th, 1869. 



THE POUNDERS OF NEW YORK. \> 

with advantage. There are two houses in the Dutch 
Legislature; the upper house consists of thirty-nine 
members elected for nine years, one-third retiring every 
third year, and is made up of the largest tax-payers, who 
are returned by the different states or provinces. The 
lower house contains seventy-two members chosen for 
four years, from thirty-eight electoral districts, one 
for every forty-five thousand inhabitants. Elections 
•occur every second year. Every voter must be twenty- 
three years old, and must be a tax-payer to the amount 
of at least eight dollars a year. Each province fixes its 
own local rate of qualification for voters, which in some 
districts is as high as sixty-five dollars, yearly tax. The 
members receive a salary of eight hundred and fifty dol- 
lars and traveling expenses, and the sessions must, by 
law, continue not less than twenty days. 

With this picture of the fatherland of to-day in your 
memories, go back with me now two hundred years of 
history, and let us compare our own American home 
at that time, with the Netherlands as they then were: 

"The two hundred and eight walled cities, many of 
them among the most stately in Christendom, the one 
hundred aud fifty chartered towns and sixty-three hun- 
dred villages, the sixty fortresses of surprising strength," 
which made up the United Provinces in 1550, had 
passed through a century of war and religions persecu- 
tion. I'>nt the Hollanders hail been battling with a new 
weapon in their hands — Laurence Roster's types had 
in 1 123, made it possible to produce a Bible tor five 
crowns, which before Eoster's invention couldnot b< ■ had 



10 THE FOUNDERS OF NEW YORK. 

for five hundred. More than a century of free printing 
had produced generations of thinking soldiers, who cul- 
tivated letters and the arts in the midst of battles and 
sieges. Eighty years of fighting seemed only to enrich 
a laud which its enemies vainly hoped to wear out. 

Almost two centuries had elapsed since printed books 
were given to the people, before our Butch forefathers 
made their settlements in America. In 1609, when 
ITendrik Hudson first landed on the island of Man- 
hatas, free schools and freedom of religious creeds had 
long been established and undisputed things in the 
fatherland. Emerging triumphantly from their long 
contest with Spain, the United Provinces then saw their 
pah uiest days. There were then, as now, but three and 
a half millions of people, who dwelt upon a territory 
that covered but fourteen thousand square miles; 
"yet," says Motley, "the Dutch republic was the first 
free nation to put a girdle of empire round the earth. 
It had courage, enterprise, intelligence, perseverance, 
faith in itself; the instinct of self-government and self- 
help, hatred of tyranny, the love of science, of liberty 
and of money. It had one great defect; it had no 
country." 

"When New York was founded, this " nation without 
a country," had nearly one hundred thousand sailors, 
who manned more than three thousand ships. Eight 
hundred smaller vessels carried on the famous herring 
fishery, while swarms of river craft and canal barges 
were employed in a vast inland trade. Commerce was 
mainly free. Thus, without natural resources, by sheer 



THE FOUNDERS OF NEW YORK. 11 

force of intellectual power awl intelligent courage, Hol- 
land, with freedom and common schools as her instru- 
ments, unlocked and gathered for herself- the wealth of 
the world; while Spain, with a vast territory, abound- 
ing in every means of riches and prosperity , was sinking 
into ruin, under a government of ecclesiastics, which 
punished heresy with death, and education with torture. 
In those triumphant days of the fatherland she laid the 
foundations of this metropolis, and of these United 
States of America. Her influence and character, if not 
her language, pervades them now. 

In the year 1670, there appeared in London, A brief 
Character of the Low Countries under the States, written long 
since, being three weeks Observation of the Vices and Virtues of 
the Inhabitants. The author was Owen Feltham, an Eng- 
lish gentleman of liberal culture, to the ninth edition of 
whose admirable Resolves these Observations appear as 
an appendix. " "lis indeed," says he, "hut a bridge 
of swimming earth, or a flag, somewhat thicker than 
ordinary, * * * almost all of them (the Dutch) are 
seamen born. They have not of their own, materials to 
compile one ship, yet how many nations do they furnish? 
* * * Where have you under heaven such impreg- 
nable fortifications? The conies find rocks, and they 
make them. For war they are grasshoppers, and with- 
out a king, go forth in bands to conquer kings. 

" Their merchants are at this day the greatest in the 
universe. Even among us they shame us with their 
industry — they win our drowned grounds which we cannot 
recover, and chase hack Neptune to his own old banks. 



12 THE FOUNDERS OF NEW YORK. 

" Their merchandise amounted in Guicciardini's time 
to fourteen millions per annum, whereas England, 
which is in compass almost as large again, and hath the 
ocean as a ring about her, made not above six millions 
yearly. 

" They are in some sort gods, for they set bounds to 
the sea, and when they list, they let it pass them. Even 
their dwelling is a miracle. They live lower than the 
fishes in the very lap of the floods. They are a glass in 
which kings may see that the desire of being too abso- 
lute is to walk upon pinnacles and the tops of pyramids, 
that liberty in man is as the skin to the body not to be 
put off but together with life. * * * 'Tis an uni- 
versity of all religions, which grow here confusedly. 
You may here try all, and take at last what you like 
best." 

Charles II, of England, who knew Holland well, used 
to say that he believed Providence would preserve Am- 
sterdam, if it were only for the great charity its people 
have for their poor. 

There is a curious description of Holland given by 
old Peter Heylin, who about the very time that Captain 
Cornells Jacobsen Mey brought over his welcome com- 
pany of colonists to Manhattan, in 1623, speaks of 
Amsterdam as " a very fair haven towne where divers 
times at one tyde, a thousand ships of all sorts have 
been seene to goe out and in." "The women," says 
he, "are all laborious in making stuffes, nay, you can 
scarce find a hoy of four years of age, which cannot 
earn his own meat." 



THE FOUNDERS OF NEW FORK. 13 

In the beginning of the seventeenth century when 
the fatherland was thus prosperous, New Netherland in 
America was occupied but by a few small trading posts, 
like those of the Hudson's Bay Company in later times. 

Our own ideal Dutchman, as pictured in Valentine's 
Corporation Manual, and made familiar to us as the 
Knickerbocker {child's marble baker) of Washington 
Erring, is merely a laughable caricature of the rough 
emigrant who came over as the factor and servant of th'e 
great trading companies of that period. He presents 
as just a picture of the Hollander, as Samuel Slick, 
the clockmaker, affords of the New Englander, or Don 
Quixote, of the Castilian gentleman. 1 

.Manhattan island, two hundred years ago, was but a 
barbarous country. In a recent special report made to 



1 Th ■ ridicule which a few English writers have cast upon the Dutch 
lias given us a false notion of their merit. We begin with our school 
Readers, we confirm our prejudices with Goldsmith's Train Ui r, and esta- 
blish our faith in the stupidity of Netherlander, out of the veracious 
history of Washington Irving. D'Israeli, the elder, in his Curiosities 
of Literature, quotes approvingly tin- poet Churchill, who earned from 
the same critic, by his licentiousness and laziness, the severe comment 
"thai Churchill was a spendthrift of fame, posterity owes him little, 
and pays him nothing." Churchill, (who wrote about 1762), finely, 
according to D'Israeli, says of Genius, that it is independent of situation 

"And may hereafter, i Di n m Holland, rise." 

Oliver Goldsmith, in l~6o, after describing Holland, in his admirable 
I m. The Tram Uer, as 

'■ A land of tyrants, anil a dm of Blavee ; " 
speaks of the Dutch, as being 

" Dull as their lakes thai Binmber In the storm." 

These flings at the rival nation, wore political. Thetories, offended 
at the revolution of 1688, which brought a Dutch sovereign into Eng- 



14 THE FOUNDERS OF NEW YORK. 

the legislature of New York, on the present state of 
education in the United States and in other countries, 
by V. M. Rice, superintendent of public instruction, he 
says : " That part of New York above Canal street was 
infested by Indians, and it was necessary, much later, 
to provide means of defence against them. The colo- 
nists subsisted principally by fisheries and the fur trade, 
together with a little agriculture. Their largest town 
was no greater than a small village of the present time, 
having but fifteen hundred inhabitants. Albany was 
not half as large, and besides these, there were no other 
villages larger than a country cross road of to-day, with 
ten or a dozen houses. Brooklyn, the third city of the 



land, ridiculed the foreigners, yet with discretion. Butler in Hudibras, 
who could not have loved the Calvinism of Holland, is respectful, for 
he wrote before the national offence was given. Shakespeare nowhere 
says any thing worse of the Dutch, than that they were " bluff Hol- 
landers." 

It was only in later days that the ridicule began, which we have 
imported into America. DeFoe satirized without mercy this English 
fashion of abusing William III, and his nation, in his " True-born 
Englishman." 

" These are the heroes who despise the Dutch, 
And rail at new come foreigners so much. 
Forgetting that themselves are all derived 
From the most scoundrel race that ever lived : 
A horrid crowd of rambling thieves and drones, 
Who ransacked kingdoms and dispeopled towns. 
The Pict and painted Briton, treach'rous Scot, 
By hunger, theft and rapine hither brought, 
Norwegian pirates, buccaneering Danes, 
Whose red-haired offspring everywhere remains, 
Who joined with Norman French, composed the breed 
From whence your true-born Englishmen proceed." 

The literary reputation of the Dutch, may be safely left to the judg- 
ment of Hallam, who in his introduction to the Literary History of 
Europe, pronounces Holland " the peealiaiiy learned State of Em-ope 
through the 17th century." 



THE FOUNDERS OF NEW YORK. 15 

United States in 1860, was half tilled by a few farmers, 
who took the best land and let the other run to waste. 
Yet with this scanty population, they kept six clergy- 
men employed and paid. Three public schools, besides 
the Latin one, were kept going, and there was a score 
of private schools." "No great attention," says Super- 
intendent Rice, "was paid, by the English, to educa- 
tion." 

In an earlier portion of his report, he pays this just 
tribute to our fatherland : " At a time when persecution 
was tbe rule throughout Europe, the Low Countries 
formed an honorable exception. No man was perse- 
cuted for adherence to Arminianism or Catholicism, to 
Luther or to Loyola. At the same time, they provided 
for the intellectual progress of the children by establish- 
ing the first system of common schools in Europe." This is 
testimony from a quarter not likely to be prejudiced. 

"We have a very early, but imperfect account of Man- 
hattan, two hundred and forty years ago, in the letter 
of Domine Michaelius, written on the 11th of August, 
1628, at Manhatas, and addressed to "Domine Adrian 
Smoutius, dwelling upon the Heerengracht, not far 
from the house of the "West India Company, in Amster- 
dam." This letter has been preserved and translated 
by Henry C. Murphy, the eminent Dutch scholar, to 
whom we owe so much of our knowledge of the litera- 
ture of Holland and of ISTew Netherland. " The people 
here," says Michaelius, "for the most part are all free, 
somewhat rough and loose, but I find in most all of 
them both love and respect towards me. We had at the 



16 THE FOUNDERS OF NEW YORK. 

first administration of the Lord's supper, full fifty com- 
municants. They fell much wood here to cany to 
fatherland, and are making a windmill to saw wood. 
We have also a grist mill. They hake brick, but it is 
very poor." » 

New York, as lately as in 1673, when it was called 
New-Orange, contained not more than three hundred 
houses, and as many thousand inhabitants. The whole 
province held no more than six thousand people of 
European origin, nearly all of them Hollanders. The 
entire wealth of the city as assessed in 1675, amounted 
to two hundred and twenty-six'thousand dollars. With 
the removal of the restraints which were inseparable 
from colonial government, the growth of New York 
began. Notwithstanding the disasters of three wars, 
two with England, and the recent civil struggle whose 
vast proportions we cannot ourselves yet understand, 
wars which extended at intervals over more than four- 
teen years, our city has, within two centuries, increased 
in wealth three thousand times, and in population almost 
four hundred fold. This extraordinary progress is due 
to commerce supported by free institutions and univer- 
sal education. We shall see how large a share Holland 
had in producing and developing them. 

1 There is a journal of a voyage to Xew York in 1679- 
1680, by Jaspar Dankers and Peter Sluyter, two mem- 
bers of a religious sect called Labadists, who came to 
America to look for a suitable place for a colony of their 



1 Memoir* of tlie Long Island Historical Society, volume i. 



THE FOUNDERS OF NEW YORK. 17 

community. On Saturday, September 23d, 1679, they 
landed at the foot of Broad street, and speak with amaze- 
ment of the excellence and abundance of the peaches 
and apples. They went, after a few days spent in 
making- some acquaintance with the settlers, up the 
Broadway, over the Vliet or fresh water, to Harlem, 
about three hours travel, just as old Harlem is three 
hours from old Amsterdam. After returning from a 
journey to Maryland and Virginia, the Labadists were 
summoned before Mayor Rombouts, and formally for- 
bidden to carry on trade, or to travel, especially to 
Albany, without permission in writing; and they after- 
wards took a passport, when they went up the Hudson 
river. "The governor forbade any flour to be bolted, 
except in the city, aud would not permit even Madam 
Rensselaer at Albany, to use her own flour mill. He 
fi ill mile the tanning of leather; ordered hides to be sent 
to Europe unmanufactured, and compelled the shoe- 
makers to import shoes. This governor was a merchant 
himself, severe because he was avaricious." 

"No money," says Sluyter, "circulates among the 
people of this New York, who are almost all traders in 
small wares. They pay each other in wares, and are 
constantly defrauding one another." This was in 1680, 
under the English rulers of what had been New Nether- 
land. At that time there were but two little hamlets 
upon Manhattan island, called New York and Harlem; 
beta een them lay a wilderness, full of game, of Indians, 
and even of wolves, as is shown by the following official 
document, a proclamation issued by * Governor Dongan : 



18 THE FOUNDERS OF NEW YORK. 

1 "Upon the many complaints of the great mischief 
done by wolves on this Island of Manhatans, and at the 
request and desire of severall of the Inhabitants of the 
said Island that they may have liberty and lycense to 
hunt and distroy the same, these may certifye that 
Liberty & Lycense is hereby granted to any of the In- 
habitants of the said Island to hunt and distroy the s d 
wolves, on Thursday next after the date hereof. 

" Given under my hand, at Fort James, this 1 st day 

of August, 1685. 

" Thomas Dongan. 
" Pass'd the office 

J. E. Spragg, See*." 

What can have transformed this desolate island, 
within two hundred years, into the metropolis of/to- 
day? Was it English thrift, or French vivacity; orwas 
it the cosmopolitan instinct of Hollanders? 

Our fatherland in the fullness of its power, had begun 
to develop itself along the borders of the New World, 
when European politics caused the transfer of the Dutch 
colonies to England before they were half a century old. 
They had, however, enough of Dutch blood and of the 
training of adversity, to make them the founders of a 
great city, and the builders of a powerful republic. 

The thirteen colonies of the American revolutionary 
war, scum free and independent states, were peopled by 
men of Holland, and of those eastern shires of the Bri- 



1 New York Cvloniitl Manuscripts, Dongan, 1080 ; vol. xxxm, page 
lis. Secretary's office, Alrjany. 









THE FOUNDERS OF NEW YORK. L9 

tish island which had been, for ages, Largely settled by 
emigrants from the Low Countries. Those men knew 
how to take care of themselves. They have moulded, 
!>y their wisdom, the growth of these United States into 
the firm consistency of a mighty nation; while Canada, 
cared for and cultivated by English statesmanship 
remains still, colonial Canada, having nothing of Do- 
minion, but the name. England learned free govern- 
ment, popular education, how to print, and how to 
tolerate, from our fatherland. "Holland," said the 
eloquent Michelet, "was the bulwark, the universal 
refuge, and salvation, humanly speaking, of the human 
race." The Dutch Northman taught the Saxon, liberty, 
and from the earliest times practised its rites at home. 

But whence came these Dutch Northmen ? 

Far back in the misty days of tradition, a brave eon- 
quern* race of hardy pagans are said to have come from 
the distant east, into the marshy countries about the 
mouth of the Rhine. Next, they are heard of as fusing, 
after a while, into leagues of tribes. These Normans 
were part of those Aryan races, whose descent points 
directly to the Scriptural history of the dispersion of 
the nations, in the plains of Shinar. Expelled by re- 
peated overflowijags of the sea. men from marshy 
regions, came in open boats without sails, to the coasts 
of England. Then the Coranians, coming from a land 
called by the Romans the land of marshes, swarmed along 
the hanks of the river Dumber and upon tin' fenny low- 
lands adjacent. Before the beginning of our Christian 
era, these people had settled thickly the eastern coast 



20 THE FOUNDERS OF NEW YORK. 

of Britain, and they welcomed and assisted Csesar when 
he landed in Kent, A. D. 55. In the beginning of the 
ninth century the Low Countries were invaded by North- 
men who overran the country, and absorbing and inter- 
marrying with the Menapians they found there, re- 
mained masters of the land. Heriold, a Danish viking, 
reigned in Walkeren, A. D. 841. Three Norman chiefs, 
Roland, Eggard, and Eoruc, were the first three counts 
of Zeeland, and henceforth their Norman followers be- 
came the Hollanders of history. 

" Two centuries later," says old Peter Heylin, " Flan- 
ders was so overflown, in the time of Henry H, about 
A. D. 1170, that many thousands of people, whose 
dwellings the sea had devoured, came over into Eng- 
land. There had already been a swarming over into 
Yorkshire and Northumberland in the year eleven 
hundred and eleven. Many had settled in Ross and 
Pembrokeshire, but most of these refugees sought the 
marshy country near the Dumber." In Lincolnshire, 
the south-east division, or third, is still called HbUand, 
and its name furnished the title of Baron Holland given 
in 1763, to Henry Eox, brother of Charles James Fox. 
The fens of Lincolnshire were dyked and drained by 
Dutch emigrants from a land which they had been 
accustomed to protect from the ocean by dykes, and to 
render fit for tillage by the same methods which they 
afterwards practised in the eastern part of England. 

It is then, a matter of established history, that suc- 
cessive colonies of Netherlanders had taken refuge, in 
early days, on the eastern coasts of Britain. They pene- 



THE FOUNDERS OF NEW FORK. 21 

trated far inland into Huntingdon and Essex. Weshall 
Bee that the minds which have directed the growth of 
English freedom, both religious and civil, had their 
origin in the eastern shires of England, and were, 
therefore, formed and nerved by their Hollandish 
parentage. 1 

John Bwnyan, horn in 1628, lived and wrote in Bed- 
ford, uot far from Bedford level, that fenny region of 
four hundred thousand acres which Dutch industry had 
long been reclaiming. Bedford level includes that por- 
tion of Lincoln still called Holland. In Bedford jail, 
where with the Bible and Foxe's Book of Martyrs for his 
only library, John Bunyan lay twelve years, that im- 
mortal allegory, the Pilgrim's Progress, was written. 

John Foxe, too, the author of that Book of Martyrs, 
whence Bunyan drew so much of his inspiration, and 
whence so many arguments for freedom have been 
derived, was horn in 1 ."> 1 7 , at Boston in Lincolnshire; 



' John Hampden, although born in London, was the sun of Elizabeth 
Cromwell, of Huntingdon, sister of Oliver. 

Fairfax, was born in 1611, at Denton in Yorkshire. 

Ireton, who married Oliver Cromwell's daughter, was born in Not- 
tinghamshire, near Lincolnshire, in 1610. 

sir Harry Vane, who visited New England, represented Kingston 
upon Hull in parliament in 1640, and was beheaded; Jini" 14, 1662, 
was born in 1612, at Hadlow in Kent. 

Lord William Russell, the martyr of English liberty, was born at 
Bedford in 1639, represented Bedfordshire in Parliament, and was 
beheaded by Charles II, in 16s:;. 

Algernon Sidney, of the blood of Sir Philip Sidney, one of the 
noblest of English patriots and statesmen, who was beheaded, like 
Lord Russell, for liberty's sake, blameless of crime, and noble in every 
sense, was also a native of tbe eastern roasts of England, Penshurst 
in Event, born in 1622, tbe second son of Robert Karl of Leicester. 



22 TUE FOUNDERS OF NEAV YOUK. 

the very seat and centre both of the early Dutch settle- 
ments in Britain, and of the nonconformist agitations 
which resulted in the colonization of Boston in New 
England. 

Oliver Cromwell, born at Huntingdon, in 1599, in the 
same north-eastern quarter of England, comes first into 
notice as a country gentleman opposing certain illegal 
and oppressive schemes of the king, for draining the 
fens, with which, on account of his long residence at 
Ely, on the southerly part of Bedford level, he was 
familiar. 

At Norwich, also near the eastern shores of Britain, 
Robert Brown, in 1580, formed a Congregational church, 
on democratic principles, but was soon forced by re- 
peated arrests, at the instance of Dr. Freake, bishop of 
Norwich, to take refuge in Holland. Returning in 
1589, he became the founder of the Brownists, who un- 
der the name of Independents, soon grew into a very 
numerous and influential body of protestant Christians. 

Queen Elizabeth brought over four thousand immi- 
grants from the Low Countries into Norwich, aboul 
the year 1580. 

In the famous Domesday Book, which is an inventory 
of all taxable men and things in England, made by 
William the Conqueror, in the year 1086, there occur 
in the eastern shires, bordering upon the North sea, 
many names familiar in Puritan annals — such as, Pipe- 
rell, Pomerei, Marshall, Baldwin, Gotham, Warrene, 
Riviere, Draiton,'Coggeshall, and the like. At the end 
of almost every line in Domesday Book relating to Lin- 



THE FOUNDERS OF NEW YORK. 23 

coin, Huntingdon and Cambridge shires, there occurs 
tlic explanatory word, marcx, mersc, mora, that is to say, 
marsh or fen, and the rent in that part of the country 
is chiefly reserved to lie paid in eels. 

Lincoln, Huntingdon and Cambridge shires adjoin 
Yorkshire and Nottingham, and lie together upon the 
North sea, and along the banks of the rivers Humber 
and Ouse, which drain the north-eastern part of the 
British island. Here Bancroft fixes the birth place and 
origin of the Puritans, and tells us that their secret 
place of meeting was an unfrequented heath in Lincoln- 
shire, near the mouth of the Humber, whence in 1608, 
they fled to Holland. The pilgrim fathers were then 
children of those Netherlandish Northmen, 1 who had 
gone over to eastern Britain; the same Northmen with 
whom, as we have seen, the native Menapians in the 
Low Countries had combined and intermingled so as 
i o E irm one race. The independent courage which led 
the Puritans to forsake all for the sake of enjoying the 
liberty of unforced conscience, came not, therefore, 
from the Anglo-Saxon spirit — a spirit which Hume, 
himself a Saxon, calls abject — the Puritan daring and 
enterprise were rather the old Viking tire. The Nor- 
man race, moulded by the steady industry which con- 
stant strife against the encroachments of the sea, made 
aecessary to those who dwelt in the Netherlands, 



"'TotheHollandish .■lenient we must trace an exploit whose glories 
are all appropriated by the Puritans of our New England Boston; 
yes, it was Hollandish resolution which threw overboard the tea in 
Boston harbor."— J. Watts eU Peyster. 



24 THE FOUNDERS OF NEW YORK. 

became plodding and industrious; they ceased, after a 
while, to rove; instead of piratical galleys, Northmen 
in Holland began to build Dutch galliots. In the lapse 
of generations, as Dutchmen, they have become that 
remarkable nation whose children have planted letters, 
liberty and the arts around the habitable earth. Da 
Costa, an accomplished student of the sagas and litera- 
ture of the Northmen, denies that we ought to be proud 
of our Saxon inheritance. To the Northmen he refers 
that vital energy, freedom of thought, and strength of 
speech that belong to us. 1 

Long ago, in the marshy lands of the Low countries 
among the homes of the men that formed the free state 
of the Forest People, as they loved to call themselves, 
fourteen centuries before our times, Northmen, as we 
have seen, laid the foundations of Holland. These 
Northmen were not Franks, but were Scandinavian in 
their origin — a brilliant and vigorous race which con- 
quered the Franks, and next overcame the English. 

But to the Northmen we Americans owe more than 
we have been accustomed to believe; for, nine hundred 
years ago, out of Iceland came Eric, who in the year 
935, visited Greenland. Li the year of our Lord, 1000, 



1 The Northmen. — The world looks upon the English as the most 
perfect types of the Anglo-Saxon race. The Netherlanders exhibit a 
much finer combination of the Saxon and Scandinavian or Norman. — 
llistori/ of tin M, nojiii. p. 35, by Gen. J. Watts de Peyster. 

It is impossible to admire too highly the ardent patriotism with 
which Gen. de Peyster, has gathered facts bearing upon the honor of 
the old fatherland, or to praise sufficiently the admirable learning with 
which, in his Garausiua, Mienapii, Dutch at the North Pole, and in 
many other treatises, he has made good his positions. 



THE FOUNDERS OF NEW YORK. 25 

Leif, sou of Eric, entered Mount Hope bay, and spent 
some time in what is now the state of Rhode Island, — 
so the Icelandic sagas tell us, and their narratives are 
(•(in tinned and repeated by the Domesday Book of Ice- 
land, called Landnama Bok. Landnama Bb'k contains 
the names of three thousand persons and fourteen hun- 
dred places: gives an account of the genealogy of the 
first Icelandic settlers, with brief notices of their history 
and achievements, and extends from A. D. 1067 to A. 
D. 1334. It is of the same character and authority as 
the English Domesday. Palfrey, in bis History of New 
England, says of these Icelandic records, that their an- 
tiquity and genuineness appear to be well established. 
Humboldt admits their authenticity. There are monu- 
uments, too, bearing Runic words still intelligible, 
which have been found in Greenland, and which 
curiously preserve the memory of the Northmen. One 
remarkable stone was found by Captain Parry, the 
English arctic voyager, in the island of Kingiktorsoak, 
in 1824. Copies of the inscription found upon this 
Btone, were sent to three eminent Danish scholars, 
Finn Magnusson, Professor Rask, and Dr. Bryniulfson 
who, without conferring together, separately gave this 
translation: "Erling Sighvatson, and Biorn Thordar- 
son, andEindrid Oddsou, on Saturday before Ascension 
week, raised these marks, and cleared ground, 1135.'" 

Some interesting corrections of received history have 
been made necessary by the chronology of the Icelandic 



1 Da Costa's /'/•<-' 'olumbian Dis&m ry of . I rm Hut by TSTorthmt a. 
4 



26 THE FOUNDERS OF NEW YORK. 

aimals. It has been claimed, for example, that the first 
bishop who ever trod the soil of the United States of 
America, was Fr: Juan Xuarez, who had been conse- 
crated a bishop at the time of the expedition of Pam- 
philo de Narvaez to Florida, in 1527. But three distinct 
series of Icelandic annals relate that Bishop Eric, bishop 
of Greenland, visited Mount Hope bay in Rhode Island 
in the year 1121, four hundred years earlier than Fr: 
Juan Xuarez. 

In a miscellaneous collection of Icelandic manu- 
scripts, called Gripla, there is a geography. After men- 
tioning Norway and other countries, the manuscript 
gives this recital, which is in some degree interesting 
to the St. Nicholas Society: "From Biarme-land lie 
desert places, all Northward to the land which is called 
Greenland. Gardar, the Bishop's seat, is at the bot- 
tom of Eric's fiord. There, is a church consecrated 
to Holy Nicholas. There are twelve churches in the 
Eastern settlements, and four in the Western." From 
these annals it is ascertained that the church at Gar- 
dar, the cathedral or bishop's seat, was established by 
Arnold, successor of Bishop Eric Gnupson, in the \ ea r 
1126. Seventeen bishops succeeded him, and the last, 
Bishop Andrew, went thither in 1408, and was never 
heard of afterwards. The first Christian church, in this 
western world was, therefore, dedicated to the patron 
saint of Holland, our good Saint Nicholas. It is fair, also, 
to claim for Northmen, the honor of having discovered 
and explored the shores of New England, more than 
three centuries before Columbus saw theBahama islands. 



THE FOUNDERS OF NEW YORK. 



27 



We have compared the fatherland of 1609 with the 
feeble beginnings of her colonies here at the same period. 
We have, also, fresh in our memories the present con- 
dition of the Netherlands. We are conscious of our 
own national vigor. Perhaps the quick yet solid pro- 
sperity of this new world, had some root and cause in the 
example and influence of Holland. 

The commerce of New York that began with a single 
sloop, the little Onrust, has come, within two hundred 
and fifty years, to be reckoned by thousands of tons. 
The price once paid for the fee of all Manhattan island 
(twenty-four dollars), now represents in the number 24 
very nearly the number of millions we raise as a yearly 
tax. 

McCormick brings the wheat of all the prairies, by 
his labor-saving reapers, within reach of our seaboard 
market. Howe gives cheap clothing to millions of peo- 
ple, by his sewing machines. The iron railway, after 
piercing the isthmus of Darien, has crossed the undis- 
c<nn /'« d regions of our school maps, and to-day, brings to 
Manhattan fresh fruit and the rarities of India, within 
a week, from the far Pacific. The wondrous printing 
press, besides its magical work as the messenger of 
thought, now, clad in colors, places in beautiful ehromos, 
works of art upon the walls of the humblest cottage. 

Architecture, at the same moment, in Holland and in 
France, creates the artificial block of stone; huge, Ti- 
tanic, to beat back the sea storms at Velsem or Suez, 
or moulds graceful tracery, tit for a gothie chapel, in 
a single monolith. 



28 THE FOUNDERS OF NEW YORK. 

The earth is astir with the hum of busy men ; men 
vanquishing the obstacles which nature seems to have 
set up only against the happiness of the lazy and igno- 
rant. The Alps are pierced by vast tunnels pushed far 
into the bowels of the rock, where no ventilation can 
come, but by condensed air, which at the same moment 
drives the engines that work the drills, and gives breath 
to the workmen. All this is done by Swiss engineers, 
bred by the same method of public school education 
which has filled our Patent office with American in- 
ventions. 

Steam navigation, railways, telegraphs, overland-aud 
beneath the seas, have been reserved for our days, only 
because universal education was not sooner accom- 
plished. An unlettered people could not use or under- 
stand such things. Who could send telegrams if letters 
were not taught everywhere ? Would cheap postage be 
possible until everybody had learned to write; or until 
steam machinery had made paper and steel pens abun- 
dant? Where could men be found able to construct 
the locomotives, or to work the railways and the 
steamers, had not scientific instruction been made 
accessible to the poorest by common schools? 

To Holland we owe the Telescope, an invention which 
for its influence upon the welfare of mankind, must be 
ranked next to the printing press. Zacharias Junssens, 
a Zeelander, gave to Galileo the telescope. 1 Its applica- 



1 The Telescope. — * * * If the conquering shii>s of Holland had 
not guarded, in the farthest island of Europe, the asylum of human 
thought, you would have had neither Shakxpntrc nor Bacon, nor 



THE FOUNDERS OF NEW YORK. 29 

tion to meridian instruments lias made navigation 
accurate, and its power over the starry heavens has 
added a new faculty to the astronomer. Janssens, too, 
devised for naturalists the microscope, that marvellous 
application of optics to common things which promises 
to elevate medicine from an art to the dignity of a 
science, and imparls confidence and certainty to what 
had heen merely the conjectures of physiology. 

Such are a few of the wonderful benefits which the 
little grammar of Laurence Koster through the comnu m 
schools created by printing, has bestowed upon the 
human race. Let us always remember that Holland 
established the first national schools and has continued 
to the present hour to develop and improve them, until 
they hold under instruction one-eighth of the entire 
population of the country. No narrow sectarianism 
ever invaded the educational institutions of our father- 
land. 1 No weak mistakes about parochial schools, under 
the exclusive management of religious ministers, and 
maintained at the expense of the state, were made there. 
Our founders went further; they followed the counsel 
of the great reformer, and rendered the teaching of 
children compulsory. "Ah!" said Luther, in 1554, 



Harvey nor Des Cart<x, Rembrandt, Spinoza, OalUeo; yes, I say, 
Galileo, since the telescope from Holland, opened to him tin- skies. — 
Michelet's Guerresde Religion. 

'John Wier, exposed the delusions of witchcraft, and pointed out 
thai tin- demon had seized, not the bewitched but the judges. While 
they wire drowning witches in Old and New England alike, the 
absurdity of the delusion had been thoroughly shown in Holland, 
where superstition found few votaries. 



30 THE FOUNDERS OF NEW YORK. 

"if a state iu time of war can oblige its citizens to take 
up the sword and the musket, has it not still more the 
power, and is it not its duty to compel them to instruct 
their children, since we are all engaged in a more serious 
warfare, urged with the spirit of evil which rages in our 
midst, seeking to depopulate the state of virtuous men ? 
It is my desire, above all things else, that every child 
should go to school, or be sent there by a magistrate." 

It has been reserved for our days to discover the evil 
of free public instruction for all the children of a state. 
We see in the full light of the brilliant progress the 
world is making toward universal freedom and happi- 
ness, by means of popular education, the leaders of a 
numerous denomination of Christians doing their best 
to stop our public schools. ""We hold," say these 
modest men, " education to be a function of the church 
and not of the state, and we will not accept the state as 
educator." All teaching of youth, except by priests of 
a sectarian creed, is now condemned and forbidden 
by the highest ecclesiastical authority; and our free 
school system is to be broken down, in order that we 
may go back to the good old monkish days when as yet 
no grammars or geographies or arithmetics had been 
printed, to disturb the orthodoxy of an ignorant people. 

In a letter sent by Motley to the St. Nicholas Society, 
explaining his absence from our festival in 1868, the 
great historian speaks of "Our universal system of edu- 
cation — the only conceivable basis of democratic government" 
and says, "It is very pleasant to reflect that the New 
England pilgrims, during their residence in the glorii ius 



THE FOUNDERS OF NEW YORK. 31 

country of your ancestry, found already established 
there, a system of schools which John of Nassau, eldest 
brother of William the Silent, had recommended in 
these words : ' You must urge upon the States General 
that they should establish free schools, where children 
of quality as well as of poor families, for a very small 
sum, could be well and Christianly educated and 
brought up. This would be the greatest and most use- 
ful work you could ever accomplish for God and Christ- 
ianity, and for the Netherlands themselves. Soldiers 
and patriots thus educated with a true knowledge of 
God, and a Christian conscience, also churches and 
schools, books and printing presses, are better than all 
armies, armories, alliances and treaties that can be 
had, or imagined in the world.' This was the feeling 
about popular education in the Netherlands during the 
16th century. Can we wonder that it gave the little 
Republic strength to battle with despotism, and have 
not the great 'soldiers and patriots thus educated' in 
our own Republic, proved the wisdom of John of Nas- 
sau's advice to the Hollanders?" 

The first printed book, Koster's first essay, when he 
clumsily put together his movable wooden types at 
Harlem, in 1423, was most appropriately, a grammar — 
a book for children. Such was the beginning of that 
godlike art, which renders thought, divine by making 
it audible to reason's ear, and visible to the mind's eye; 
which preserves ideas, in spite of time and distance, 
and places the creations of mortal genius quite beyond 
the power of death. 



32 THE FOUNDERS OF NEW YORK. 

Such was the forging of the lever which has moved 
the entire world; for the child's grammar was the germ 
of the common school, and made Martin Luther formida- 
ble, because his Theses could be read. Then the types 
gave the Bible to common men, and bestowed upon 
whole communities the benefit of clergy. 

Holland, a mere corner of a morass, became by the 
force of intellect and courage, a terror and then a teach r 
to England and to Europe. God's blessing rested upi >n 
our forefathers in their little home, forbidding, and full 
of hard work, but dear to them because won and kept 
by honest toil. 

From Amsterdam has grown Manhattan ; from the 
seven United Provinces have come our own thirty-six 
United States of America. In the words of Horace, 
married to verse no less immortal, by our English 
Milton : 

The power that did create, can change the scene 
Of things, make mean of great, and great of mean ; 
The brightest glory can eclipse with night, 
And place the most obscure in dazzling light. 



Having now given some attention to one of the con- 
stitutional duties of our society, which is "to collect 
and preserve information respecting the history, man- 
ners, etc., of the city of New York," in the enquiries 
we have just made as to the founders of New York, we 
ought not to forget to look into the early practices of our 
forefathers, in the way of festive meetings. The Dutch- 



THE FOUNDERS OF NEW YORK. 33 

men of Manhattan were in the habit of honoring our 
patron saint, long before the St. Nicholas Society was 
formed. The first notable gathering on record, is com- 
memorated in Rivington's Gazetteer of Thursday, Decem- 
ber 23d, 1773, in the following paragraph : 

"New York, December 23d. — Last Monday the 
anniversary of St. Nicholas, otherwise called Santa, 
Clans, was celebrated at Protestant Hall, at Mr. "Wal- 
dron's; where a great number of the sons of that ancient 
saint celebrated the day with great joy and festivity." 
Waldron's, was a noted ferry-house, or tavern, on the 
Brooklyn side, where New Yorkers were wont to re- 
sort for good cheer, in those days, and where great 
doings took place in honor of the repeal of the stamp 
act. 

In Bivington's Gazetteer of Thursday December 8th, 
1774, is a notice, that "Monday next, being the anni- 
versary of St. Nicholas, will be celebrated by the 
descendants of the ancient Dutch families." The Ga- 
zetteer for the next week is unfortunately missing from 
the file in the Society library, nor is there any report of 
die dinner of 1774, extant. If these worthy descend- 
ants of the Dutch, celebrated the 6th of December as 
their festival day, as we do, it is difficult to understand 
how the Gazetteer of Thursday, December 8th, 1774, 
could speak of Monday next, which would be December 
12th, as the anniversary of St. Nicholas. But probably 
Bivington did not pay much attention to chronology, 
and inserted snob notices whenever he had enough of 
them to make n[> a column, and not sooner. 



34 THE FOUNDERS OF NEW YORK. 

The next festival of which there survives any account, 
was the remarkable one of December 6, 1810, when the 
Historical Society, in compliment to the original settlers 
of this state, selected the festival of St. Nicholas (usually 
pronounced Santa Claus), the tutelar saint of the Dutch 
for their anniversary discourse and dinner. It is worthy 
of remark, that the Historical Society has continued 
the discourse, without the dinner; and our St. Nicholas 
Society, during its more recent history, has adhered to 
the dinner without the anniversary address. The Histo- 
rical Society accordingly assembled on Thursday, 6th 
Dec, 1810, at one o'clock, in the north court room in the 
City Hall, where they listened to an excellent occasional 
discourse by Hugh Williamson, for which he received 
the thanks of the society, with the request of a copy for 
publication. At four, p. m., the society reassembled at 
the Washington Hotel (Kent's, 42 Broad street), where 
a table was most sumptuously spread for them, by Kent 
in his best manner, both as to choice wines and delicate 
viands. Seventeen toasts were duly honored; Egbert 
Benson presided, and a full and true account of all the 
proceedings has been preserved by John Pintard, then 
librarian of the society, which account has been repro- 
duced in. fac simile by Mr. George H. Moore, his excellent 
successor. Our St. Nicholas Society, as we have seen, 
formerly commemorated the day by an address, as well 
as by a dinner. After a long interval, we renew, t< i-day, 
our ancient custom. 

Long may the Feast of St. Nicholas live with pleasant 
memories among all true children of that grand old 



THE FOUNDERS OF NEW YORK. ■'••» 

people, whose help timid Britons used to invoke against 
their toes, and never in vain. 1 Whether the Scots and 
1'icts were to be driven back, or the Spanish armada to 
be kept away from England, Dutchmen were the friends 
in need, that saved Britain in the day of extremity. 2 

The Netherlander.? have ever been the successful 
foe- of Romanism and of despotism. We now know, 
that hut for the valor and intelligence of our fore- 
fathers, England would have been a Spanish province, 
and these United States, French colonies. Therefore, 
the eye of every one who speaks the English tongue, 
should kindle with joy and pride whenever he hears 

1 Augustin Thierry, History of the Norman ' 'onguest, p. 4. 

2 The Spanish Armada on the 6th of August, 1.588, arrived off Calais 
to take on hoard its commander-in-chief, the Duke of Parma, who, with 
forty thousand soldiers and three hundred transport ships, had long 
been ready to invade England, as soon as the Hollanders would per- 
mit him to do it. For the Dutch navy, under Admiral Van der Does, 
prevented the Spaniards from coming out. 

Within two hours sail of Dover, the Armada lay vainly waiting 
many days, held by the valor of the Dutch, who kept watch between 
the Spanish fleet, at anchor off the land, and the flotilla of Parma in 
the harbors, canals and rivers behind Dunkirk and Newport. Van der 
Does found himself between two great Spanish armaments and suc- 
cessfully opposed both. 

On the 6th of August, 1588, there was no English army in the field, 
nor did Queen Elizabeth review her troops, until eleven days after- 
ward, when, so far from having any thing to fear from the Spanish 
invaders, they had been tempest-tost fugitives, for a week. On the 
6th of August, says Motley, " no army had assembled, not even the 
body guard of the Queen. On the 6th of August, the Armada was in 
Calais roads, expecting Alexander Farnese to lead his troops upon 
London." 

The duke of I'anna was kept a close prisoner by the fleets of Hol- 
land and Zeeland, and tin' gnat storm of the 14th and loth August, 
at last completed the overthrow of the Spaniards. But for the valor 



36 THE FOUNDERS OF NEW YORK. 

the name of Holland; remembering that the honest 
blood of the Dutch sea tamers warms the heart of many 
a man who ignorantly claims feebler lineage. 



of the Netherlanders, which delayed the operations of the Armada 
until the delay became a defeat, the protestant cause would have been 
lost. As with the Huguenots in France, the light of the reformed faith 
would have been put out in England, and that Puritan light to which 
we owe so much in America, would never have been kindled. 

Firmly, steadily, the Dutch mariners held on. Parma had relied 
upon the Invincible Armada to clear the way for him. " He is," said 
Admiral Drake, " as a bear robbed of her whelps." His attempts to 
break through the lines of Zeeland boatmen were frantic, but vain. 
His forlorn hope was slain to the last man, and soon that storm 
arose which sent the huge war ships and galleys of Medina Sidonia, 
" whirling round the Orkneys." The glory of saving Old England, and 
therefore of giving freedom of conscience to the New World belongs 
to Holland. 



APPENDIX 



Three remarkable lectures, on the Origin os the 
English Nation, by Edward A. Freeman, were read 
before the Literary and Philosophical Institution at 
Kingston-on-Hull, in January, 1870. They were 
thought worthy of being printed in MacmiUan's Maga- 
zine. MV. Freeman says : 

■•That greal western migration of Low Dutch tribes 
to the west, which takes up the greater part of the 
fifth and sixth centuries, gave birth to the English 
nation. 

* * * It is the Low Dutch part of us, which 
o-ives us our national being; our national character, 
our national history. 

' Our relation to the Low Dutch is one 
of actual brotherhood. They are our hone and our 
flesh; their blood is our Wood; their speech is our 
speech, modified only by the different influences which 
have, in the nature of things, affected the two 
severed branches of the race, during a separation of 
fourteen hundred years."— MacmiUan's Magazine,lSo. 
1-2."). March, 1870. Macmillan & Co., 16 Bedford St., 
<\,vent Garden. London and Cambridge. 









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